Joshua Muldavin

哪里的食物，我们吃从何而来？为什么有些人有足够的食物和别人不一样？是否有太多的人，为世界进？谁控制了世界粮食？将全球食品价格继续其最近的迅速崛起？如果是的话，会有什么后果？什么是我们的粮食生产系统的环境影响？如何回答这些问题的地方或问这个问题的人有什么不同？怎么有问题随时间而变化？本课程将探讨以下基本问题：发展与环境之间的关系，特别是在农业和食品生产和消费的重点。 The questions above often hinge on the contentious debate concerning population, natural resources, and the environment. Thus, we will begin by critically assessing the fundamental ideological positions and philosophical paradigms of “modernization,” as well as the critical counterpoints that lie at the heart of this debate. Within this context of competing sets of philosophical assumptions concerning the population-resource debate, we will investigate the concept of “poverty” and the making of the “Third World”; access to food, hunger, grain production and food aid, agricultural productivity (the Green and Gene revolutions), biofuels, the role of transnational corporations (TNCs), the international division of labor, migration, globalization and global commodity chains, and the different strategies adopted by nation states to “develop” natural resources and agricultural production. Through a historical investigation of environmental change and the biogeography of plant domestication and dispersal, we will look at the creation of indigenous, subsistence, peasant, plantation, collective, and commercial forms of agriculture. We will analyze the physical environment and ecology that help shape, but rarely determine, the organization of resource use and agriculture. Rather, through the dialectical rise of various political-economic systems—such as feudalism, slavery, mercantilism, colonialism, capitalism, and socialism—we will study how humans have transformed the world’s environments. We will follow with studies of specific issues: technological change in food production; commercialization and industrialization of agriculture and the decline of the family farm; food and public health, culture, and family; land grabbing and food security; the role of markets and transnational corporations in transforming the environment; and the global environmental changes stemming from modern agriculture, dams, deforestation, grassland destruction, desertification, biodiversity loss, and the interrelationship with climate change. Case studies of particular regions and issues will be drawn from Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe, and the United States. The final part of the course examines the restructuring of the global economy and its relation to emergent international laws and institutions regulating trade, the environment, agriculture, resource extraction treaties, the changing role of the state, and competing conceptualizations of territoriality and control. We will end with discussions of emergent local, regional, and transnational coalitions for food self-reliance and food sovereignty, alternative and community supported agriculture, community-based resource management systems, sustainable development, and grassroots movements for social and environmental justice. Films, multimedia materials, and distinguished guest lectures will be interspersed throughout the course. One farm/factory field trip is possible in each semester if funding permits. The lecture participants may also take a leading role in a campus-wide event on “food and hunger,” tentatively planned for the spring. Please mark your calendars when the dates are announced, as attendance for all of the above is required. Attendance and participation are also required at special guest lectures and film viewings in the Social Science Colloquium Series, which are held approximately once per month. The Web Board is an important part of the course. Regular postings of short essays will be made there, as well as followup commentaries with your colleagues. There will be in-class essays, a midterm quiz, and a final exam each semester. Group conferences will focus on in-depth analysis of certain course topics and will include debates and small-group discussions. You will prepare a poster project each semester on a topic of your choice that is related to the course and which will be presented at the end of each semester in group conference, as well as a potential public session.

在这次研讨会中，我们将首先审查竞争范式和理解“发展”和“第三世界”的方法。我们将回答以下问题:500年前的世界是什么样子的?这部分课程的目的是熟悉我们的历史起源和历史起源和演变，其中“第三世界”是一个内在组成部分。因此，我们将研究从封建主义到资本主义的转变，商业和金融资本的兴起，以及欧洲列强对世界的殖民统治。我们将分析殖民地“发展”的案例研究以了解本期不断发展的含义。这些案例研究将帮助我们评估殖民主义的各种遗留问题，这些问题在随后断断续续和不均匀的非殖民化进程中出现的新国家中显而易见。该课程的下一部分将研究联合国，其一些相关机构在第二次世界大战后的全球政治经济上发挥了作用，其中一个标志着持续和强化社会经济不平等，以及频繁的政治爆发全球暴力。通过审查自1945年以来出现和发展的发展机构，我们将试图解开不同时代的发展悖论。我们将通过专题探索通过人口，资源利用，贫困，食物，环境，农业生产力，城市化，工业化和不同发展策略的专题探索来解构发展措施。 We will then examine globalization and its relation to emergent international institutions and their policies; for example, the IMF, World Bank, AIIB, and WTO. We will then turn to contemporary development debates and controversies that increasingly find space in the headlines: widespread land grabbing by sovereign wealth funds, China, and hedge funds; the “global food crisis”; and the perils of climate change, as well as the potential of ”a new green deal.” Throughout the course, our investigations of international institutions, transnational corporations, the role of the state, and civil society will provide the backdrop for the final focus of the class: the emergence of regional coalitions for self-reliance, environmental and social justice, and sustainable development. Our analysis of development in practice will draw upon case studies from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. Conference work will be closely integrated with the themes of the course, with a two-stage, substantive research project. Project presentations will incorporate a range of formats, from traditional papers to multimedia visual productions. Where possible and feasible, you will be encouraged to do primary research over fall study days. Some experience in the social sciences is desired but not required.

为什么现在要进行本课程和演讲者系列/社区对话？新右翼的崛起是我们这个时代一个极其重要的现象，它影响着每个人的政治、政策、实践和日常生活。2021年1月6日在国会大厦发生的暴动，只是一个新近鼓起勇气的右翼理论家集体对长期思想和行动的一次令人发指的表达。对一个种族和种族多样的美国现实的暴力挑战并不令人惊讶。白人强权政治和思想在主流政治和政党中的正常化也是如此。新右翼参与者的意识形态、不满和目标的多样性要求深入分析其历史根源及其当代表现。广泛的平台和空间用于传达仇恨、谎言和针对感知敌人的暴力呼吁，需要他们自己的反应，包括创建提供分析和替代方案的平台和空间。认真地与新右翼接触，试图为其崛起提供解释，是在我们当前的政治时刻及其不确定的演变和未来挑战极权主义倾向的关键。这样做需要我们的关注；它还需要一种跨学科的方法，这是我们学院和地理学作为一门学科所固有的，无论是政治地理学、经济地理学、文化地理学、社会地理学、城市地理学、历史地理学还是环境地理学。这一新研讨会的目标是，在地理和其他领域的工作基础上，让来自不同学科和背景、机构和组织的广泛思想家参与进来，同时还伴随着一系列便利的演讲者系列和社区对话。除了教授课程本身，我希望它能成为一种工具，让我们在学院和本地区的更广泛社区参与进来，并与我们广泛分布的多代校友接触。通过与我们的发展和校友办公室合作，将课程与一个方便/主持的演讲者系列进行配对，提供机会将这些课堂对话和当代和紧迫的课程主题，以不同的阅读和学生参与为基础，带给更广泛的受众和多个社区。在这门课上，我们将试图了解新右翼在美国和其他地方的起源和兴起，正如它在20世纪后半叶到现在所形成的那样。我们将寻求确定新右翼的起源和定义，探索该运动的不同地理位置及其众多分支，并确定当代右翼联盟的组成部分。此外，我们将探讨在扩大新权利方面发挥作用的行动者和机构（例如，法院、州和地方政府、茶党、保守派智库、律师、媒体平台、福音派基督徒、民兵）以及推动这一运动的问题（例如，反共主义、移民、环境、，白人至上/民族主义、选民压制、新自由主义经济政策、反全球化、言论自由）。这是一个阅读密集、以讨论为导向的大型研讨会，我们将在会上对有关新右翼的最新文献进行广泛调查。虽然本课程主要侧重于美国背景，但欢迎基于国际/比较案例研究的会议论文。学生将被要求参加所有相关的谈话和电影观看，撰写每周阅读备忘录，让同事参与每两周一次的在线论文和对话，并撰写一篇简短的期末论文，将课堂主题与他们自己的兴趣、创意产品、研究议程和/或政治参与联系起来。鼓励跨学院和社区的跨学科合作活动。电影、表演、书面评论、研讨会和其他形式的活动可以为学生参与提供额外的渠道。

在这个为期一年的研讨会上，我们将首先审查相互竞争的理解“发展”和“第三世界”的范式和方法。我们将回答以下问题:500年前的世界是什么样子的?这部分课程的目的是让我们了解和分析世界政治经济的历史起源和演变，其中第三世界是一个内在的组成部分。因此，我们将研究从封建主义到资本主义的转变，商业和金融资本的兴起，以及欧洲列强对世界的殖民统治。我们将分析殖民地“发展”的案例研究，以理解这个术语的演变意义。这些案例研究将帮助我们评估殖民主义的各种遗留问题，这些问题在随后断断续续和不均匀的非殖民化进程中出现的新国家中显而易见。本课程的下一部分将着眼于联合国及其一些相关机构在二战后的全球政治经济中所发挥的作用，其特征是持续和加剧的社会经济不平等，以及全球各地频繁爆发的政治暴力。通过审查自1945年以来出现和发展的发展机构，我们将试图解开不同时代的发展悖论。我们将通过对人口、资源利用、贫困、食物获取、环境、农业生产率和第三世界国家采取的不同发展战略的专题探索，解构发展的衡量标准。然后我们将研究全球化; and its relation to emergent international institutions, transnational corporations, the role of the state, and civil society will provide the backdrop for the final focus of the class—the emergence of regional coalitions for self-reliance, environmental and social justice, and sustainable development. Our analysis of development in practice will draw upon case studies primarily from Africa but also from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the United States. Conference work will be closely integrated with the themes of the course, with a two-stage substantive research project in the fall semester to be completed in the spring. Project presentations will incorporate a range of formats, from traditional papers to multimedia visual productions. Where possible and feasible, students will be encouraged to do primary research during fall study days and winter and spring breaks.

尽管在中国的崛起为超级大国和它的两个挑战，并与美国，我们怎么真正了解这个国家需要的合作伙伴关系广泛每日申报？在本次研讨会中，我们将通过政治，经济一体化和全球化进程探索中国在世界上不断变化的地方。我们将始终如一地专注于重新定义的争论，学术界和大众传媒我们的努力，使新的见解和分析。我们将与当代中国的概述开始，从一个时代到下一个讨论中国现代历史的独特方面的变化和连续性。我们将探讨中国革命和随后的社会主义时期，以本次研讨会的重点地：1978年后的改革和转变到目前的一天。在农业变化和农村发展的问题根深蒂固，我们也将研究在城市化和工业化的形式和中国的崛起为的道路上成为世界上最大的经济体全球超级大国巨变。为大家解读当代中国的地理环境，我们将分析这些过程对环境，政治，经济和社会文化方面的复杂交织。利用各种理论观点，我们将分析一系列当代全球辩论：是否有环境和快速发展之间的根本冲突？什么是农民在现代世界中的作用？什么是不同形式的国家权力和实践的影响？ How does globalization shape China’s regional transformation? And, on the other hand, how does China’s global integration impact development in every other country and region of the world? Modern China provides immense opportunities for exploring key theoretical and substantive questions of our time. A product first and foremost of its own complex history, other nation states and international actors and institutions—such as the World Bank, transnational corporations, and civil society—have also heavily influenced China. The “China model” of rapid growth is widely debated in terms of its efficacy as a development pathway, and yet it defies simple understandings and labels. Termed everything from neoliberalism to market socialism to authoritarian Keynesian capitalism, it is a model full of paradoxes and contradictions. Not least of these is its impact on global climate change. Other challenges include changing gender relations, rapid urbanization, and massive internal migration. In China today, contentious debates continue on land reform, the pros and cons of global market integration, the role of popular culture and the arts in society, how to define ethical behavior, the roots of China’s social movements—from Tian’anmen to current widespread social unrest and discontent amongst workers, peasants, students, and intellectuals—and the meaning and potential resolution of minority conflicts in China’s hinterlands. Land and resource grabs in China and abroad are central to China’s rapid growth and its role as an industrial platform for the world. But resulting social inequality and environmental degradation challenge the legitimacy of China’s leadership like never before. As China borders many of the most volatile places in the contemporary world and increasingly projects its power to the far corners of the planet, we will conclude our seminar with a discussion of security issues, geopolitics, and potential scenarios for China’s future. Throughout the seminar, there will be comparisons with other areas of the world within the context of the broader theoretical and thematic questions mentioned above. Weekly selected readings, films, mass media, and books will be used to inform debate and discussion. A structured conference project will integrate closely with one of the diverse topics of the seminar.